Sunday, December 24, 2017



JAYALALITHAA
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The Empress: The Dramatic Life of A Powerful and Enigmatic Leader by  Kalyani Shankar ; Published by Bloomsbury, Pages 135 ; Price Rs.399/-
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The bye-election in R K Puram brings into sharp focus the person who represented it—Jayalalithaa. Any work on her is worth serious consideration.
The author of the book under review Kalyani Shankar is a political commentator and columnist who was Political Editor of Hindustan Times as also its Washington correspondent. She earned a name as  a  television journalist. She was a Nuffield press fellow at Cambridge University and senior fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Centre in Washington. She has a number of books to her credit--- Nixon, Indira and India: Politics and Beyond, India and the United States: Politics of the Sixties and Gods of Power: Personality Cult and Indian Democracy. 
Apart from a highly impressive  interview with Simi Garewal on television, a  serialised autobiography of sorts, sundry rumours circulated slyly  one could not assess this mysterious personality. To some extent  the book “The Empress” fills this gap.
 Kalyani portrays  the colourful life and times of ' Puratchi Thalaivi' Jayalalithaa who  became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 1991 by dint of willpower and dedicated work. Under her leadership the AIADMK came to power four times: 1991,2001,2011 and 2016. Her death on December 5, 2016 was sudden and wholly unexpected.

Jaya who was Enigma personified attained Cult status. Her charisma attracted votes and she was a great crowd puller—an ability springing from her earlier celluloid career. Like Margaret Thatcher she acquired the sobriquet  “Iron Lady” of Tamil Nadu. She was quite authoritarian and her loyal following fell at her feet and displayed obedience akin to behaviour of slaves in ancient times. Jaya is widely seen as the toughest, most muscular politician in the State.

“Just like a Tamil Movie” would perhaps describe  accurately  Jaya’s life and achievements.  Jaya's life story reads like a screenplay by Annadurai. She strode like a Colossus in the twin worlds of film and politics. He mother led her into the celluloid world and her mentor M,G.Ramachandran  brought her into the world of films . MGR was a phenomenally successful film star and he founded the AIDMK. The journey from the world of tinsel to the world of films undoubtedly is a subject of paramount interest.
Jaya acted in more than 150 films in Tamil, Telugu, ,Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi, even in an English movie” The Epistle”.She won seven Filmfare Awards and six Tamil Nadu Cinema Awards for Best Actress.She became the highest paid actress in the Tamil film industry in the year 1966 after eleven consecutive hits that year. Besides a career in films as an actress, as well as a film producer, Jaya was also a columnist, a short story writer and a novelist.
Christened as “Amma” she was wielding influence all-round irrespective of caste, creed or language.She was instrumental in inaugurating welfare schemes and believed that she is the ultimate protector of the downtrodden and deprived masses of Tamilnadu. She did provide cheap food, medicines, cement and even mineral water.
Jaya’s speeches in the Rajya Sabha  were noted for their incisiveness and deep understanding of the subject under discussion.
 Kalyani successfully portrays the several up and down movements in Jaya’s life, her numerous legal and political battles and the stunning dominance she achieved in Tamil Nadu  The legend of Jaya continues undimmed and possibly more strongly after her demise.
Jaya declared, “Though MGR introduced me to politics, he certainly didn’t smoothen the way for me. He didn’t make anything easy for me. I had to fight and struggle my way up –every inch of the way.”
What sustained Jaya—the woman was her iron will—her unflagging spirit, the unrelenting perseverance and the courage to hit back despite all odds. This helped her politically.
There is no contest with the basic premise of the book — Jayalalithaa was a cult figure, commandeering extreme loyalty, invoking great fear, a larger-than-life persona who defied definition.
Kalyani Shankar has faced and traced many politicians in her career . Jayalalithaa  proved a tough nut to crack and remained eminently  inscrutable for all who have studied her over the years. Almost everyone adverted to the commonplace items—she is, a woman, a Brahmin, chartering her own territory in a patriarchal Dravidian political set-up of Tamil Nadu, her incredible charisma, her arrogance, her battery of slaves falling at her feet, burgeoning  corruption, her questionable link with Sasikala and the Mannargudi clan.
The “Hindu” summed her up nicely— "Adversity brought out the best in Jayalalithaa. As the Chief Minister fighting for the rights of her state, as a politician trying to spring back from electoral defeats, as a woman standing up to sexist taunts in what is still  very much a man’s world, she was courageous to the point of being adventurist. In her passing, India has lost a leader who played a vital role in the shaping of Tamil Nadu during a crucial phase of the country’s economic development and social progress”.
 It is common knowledge that Jaya consulted astrologers and she added an extra ‘a’ to her name Jayalalitha—after a yagna to Goddess Kali.
The real Jayalalithaa does not appear  in this volume. With the demise of the Empress, her associates completely demoralized and the distasteful behavior of Sasikala there is a crying need of a critical account of this Leader of the masses.
P.P.Ramachandran.
24/12/2017
Tit-Bits
“The wedding of her foster son was extravagance personified. The groom was Sasikala’s nephew, Sudhakaran. The bride was the granddaughter of matinee idol, Sivaji Ganesan.   Atleast 12,000 guests sat for a lavish dinner prepared by 3000 cooks. Shrines were erected with icons like images of Jaya in place of Hindu gods. This marred her image as a well-meaning person who was eager to do good for the people. There was public outcry when her arrest in 1996 was followed by the seizure of 28 tolas of gold and diamond studded jewellery, more than 10,000 sarees and 750 pairs of shoes from her Poes Garden residence.”…. Page 57.
P.P.Ramachandran.
24/12/2017



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Inside Parliament by Derek O’Brien ; Published by Harper Collins ; Pages 198 ; Price Rs 499/-
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Derek O'Brien is one of the  most famous Quiz masters of the country. He is  the leader of the Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party in the Rajya Sabha and also its Chief National Spokesman.  He has authored around 52 books.
Derek O’ Brien dominated Indian television as the country s most well-known quizmaster for over two decades, asking questions to millions across India. Now he plays a key role in the Rajya Sabha, raising difficult questions from the front row in the Upper House. One of the most candid, courageous voices of the Opposition, he is articulate, incisive and provocative--- qualities that are apparent in his writing. In this book, comprising his best political essays, Derek  reflects on the state of the nation, offering insights from a unique vantage point inside Parliament. Never afraid of controversy or contention, he covers topics ranging from the Constitution, the effects of a hasty GST rollout and demonetisation to the media, the lessons he learnt as an MP and the 2019 elections.
He makes his political book debut, taking on the policies and practices of the Central government, the contemporary issues plaguing India, and the way forward for both India and his party .There are 46  essays in this book—divided into five categories—“Parliamentary Affairs”; “ The State of the Nation”;”Saying it like it is”; "The Economics of it”  and “ The Greater Common Good”.
 Derek declared "The government is trying to write a false narrative around a ten-letter word: Corruption. We, the Opposition, are trying to set the narrative right with another ten-letter word: Competence.” 
Terming the Parliament as a "university", he said:
Every day you walk in there, you learn something new, you learn about the rules, how business is conducted, and more than all of this, you listen to different views on a particular subject. Sitting on the first row of Rajya Sabha, I sometimes feel like a teenager given the experience of other members like Prime Minister Narendra Modi, former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and Arun Jaitley."
 O'Brien has expressed concern about those who "undermine" the Rajya Sabha, and called those forcing the government to rethink its powers "dishonest". Elaborating, he said:
" I was disappointed that Arun Jaitley, a Parliamentarian that I look up to, called the Rajya Sabha “irrelevant”. That was petty politics. He himself comes from the Rajya Sabha, after losing the Lok Sabha elections in 2014. It is because of Rajya Sabha that an Indian has not lost a good Parliamentarian."
Derek vehemently protests against the step-motherly treatment meted out to the Rajya Sabha as evidenced by the introduction of the G S T Bills in Parliament as “Money Bils” thus bypassing the Upper House. He pleads for maintaining Rajya Sabha’s authority as a deliberate check on the Executive, not as a hindrance but as a moral authority.
Special mention must be made of “A True Leader Forgets None”. This is a vivid recollection of Derek’s working with Mamata Banerjee who is the Founder of the Trinamool Congress Party. "Her key strength is in never forgetting the details and the people that make the Trinamool Ecosystem and our political family”.
Derek makes an incisive attack on CPI (M) who ruled Bengal for 34 years from 1977 to 2011. “They took the vitality out of Bengal; for me and my generation. It sucked away the best years of our youth. My University-Calcutta University- and the rich atmosphere of the educational institutions in the College Street area, including my Alma Mater, Scottish Church College, were wrecked”. They maintained their grip on West Bengal through scare tactics,  violence, an authoritarian control over police and district bureaucracy. Derek quotes an economist friend. "They are leaving you with the aftermath of a war-zone; the economy and the social fabric are both in tatters. The next government is not so much to revive Bengal as to reconstruct it”
 According to Derek “The BJP is breaking down institutions, and one such institution they are not taking seriously is the Parliament.” He has written that the BJP government at the Centre should be “judged” on the basis of the acronym ‘JUDGE’ – which according to him stands for:
 J – joblessness
 U- underperformance
 D- demonetisation,
 G- GST, and
 E--economy and its state.
Derek concludes enthusistically ,”No matter how many attempts are made by the BJP-RS to change this country we must not allow it. I was born and grew up in Calcutta, in a Hindu neighbourhood. We lived on a street named after a Muslim. We are a Christian family. This is the India I know. That is the only India I want to know. Marginalised or not marginalised, nobody must destroy this. We will get together to GST—Grow Strong Together .
Thought-provoking and captivating at once,  “Inside Parliament” is required reading for all interested in understanding today s India and all who care about its future.

P.P.Ramachandran.
 17/12/2017

Thursday, December 14, 2017

TAMAL  BANDYOPADHYAY



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From Lehman to Demonetization by Tamal Bandyopadhyay ; Published by Penguin/ Random House India; Price Rs 599/-; Pages 376.
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Tamal Bandyopadhyay is  Consulting Editor of  the daily   “Mint". He is the author of  three books  “ Bandhan: The Making of a Bank”, “Sahara: The Untold Story” and “A Bank for the Buck.” He was adviser to Bandhan Bank Ltd ---a micro-finance company that was converted  into a bank. He ran a 32 episode series on Bloomberg India TV, called Banker's Trust, where senior central bankers, commercial bankers and economists were interviewed every week.
 The book under review is a graphic  story of banking in India in the last decade and covers a wide range of topics that span the current history of Indian Financial Services. It is a chronicle of the tumultuous decade from the collapse of Lehman Brothers to Demonetization. Tamal has dealt with  public sector institutions, bad loans, the link between policy makers in Government and the Regulators. The decade saw the resurgence of non-banking financial companies and the RBI  accepting the ritual of flexible inflation targeting. The essays in the book are extremely well thought out and well written which makes for engrossing  reading.These essays appeared in “Mint” and Tamal has hand-picked them from a total of 600 pieces that he had published
The second part of the book incorporates   interviews with the  “Who's Who of Indian Financial Sector”  -- fifteen personalities who have played a seminal role in shaping the decade. They are regulators, professionals and entrepreneurs.
Tamal  has kept a close watch of the financial sector for close to two decades and has had a ringside view of the enormous changes in Indian finance and banking sector over the period. 
Tamal  raises some relevant questions: Has the RBI cracked the Da Vinci Code of Indian banking? Can we get businessman Vijay Mallya back from London to pay his dues? What is the conflict between the RBI and the finance ministry?. Why do we need reforms in government-owned banks? Did we need the Bharatiya Mahila Bank? Or, a paper tiger called Banks Board Bureau? Is demonetization a boon or bane?

To get a feel of the book we are giving excerpts from the book.
                                              ********************This is a story of a young financial-sector professional who rode on the economic boom of the past few years, but lost his job when the wave of the global credit crunch hit India after the collapse of the Wall Street investment bank Lehman Brothers. The young MBA changed three jobs in the past four years and his annual salary rose from Rs 60,000 to Rs 550,000 by hawking loans to small and medium entrepreneurs and mortgages. After he joined a large non-banking finance company (NBFC) with footprints across India, he got a hefty bonus for the year ending March 2008. But the good time did not last long. The cracks started showing from January itself, with borrowers diverting money into the stock market and instances of rising defaults. The NBFC, with its headquarters in Mumbai, chose to look the other way till the liquidity crunch hit it hard. By end-September, the company started asking people to resign. He was the last person of his thirty-member team to be asked to go.
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 When Raghuram Rajan came to India as the Government’s Chief Economic Adviser two years ago, everyone warned him about the bureaucracy. “People told me the bureaucracy here will be very difficult to deal with—very smart people, but with very different agendas.”
Rajan  has his own  style of policymaking. One way to do things is to say let us think in theory, develop the best plan possible and then implement in one go. I call this the Brahminical way. But this may not work at the implementation stage as you will realise, that some aspects were not considered. The alternative is, roll up the sleeves, don’t minimise the thinking phase, but do it quickly. I am trying to do that.
 Tamal  asked him bluntly whether he offered to resign when the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance government took over in May. After all, he was appointed by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance Government. Rajan doesn’t seem annoyed, but prefers not to answer this question, even off the record. He says curtly :Of course, if I lost the confidence of the Government at any point, I would go the next day.
 In August last year, the UPA government announced the name of the next RBI Governor a month before the position fell vacant, and Rajan, then Chief Economic Adviser, was sent to the RBI as an Officer on Special Duty—something that had never happened in the RBI’s seventy-nine-year history.
 One year on, the rupee has stabilised, the current account deficit is manageable. Rajan is not shy of raising policy rates to fight inflation and, most importantly, the Government is backing him to the hilt in his fight against inflation.
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An important part of the book is an account of the first-hand experience of a Branch Manager during the days following Modi’s announcement of Demonetization on November 8, 2016. For the next fifty days till the exercise ended on 30 December, the Branch Manager had to occasionally sleep at the branch . He had to make sure that every customer was taken care of and that the bank could use the opportunity for generating low-cost current and savings accounts. On top of that, he needed to be on his toes so that none of his colleagues were used for money laundering.
He is one of the 1,30,000-odd branch managers of banks in India.
We needed to keep a hawk-eye on every transaction to catch dubious  people. After every hour, we were taking a five-minute break to tally the transactions. One day, a man walked in with a suitcase carrying Rs 8.5 million. He was a customer of our bank, but not our branch. I decided to connect him with the Vadodara branch manager where he claimed to have his account. I don’t know what they discussed over the phone, but I found him leaving my branch with his suitcase after talking to my counterpart.
Many of us spent our Sundays too in the branch as on weekdays we could do nothing but handle the cash; there was no time to do other routine work such as maintenance of records and, of course, sanction and disbursement of loans.
 The continuous changes in the regulator’s directives also complicated our job.
The toughest part of the entire exercise was to keep the morale of my colleagues high. There were days when we couldn’t have a proper meal. I lost 10 kg in these two months; got a few strands of grey hair.
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Reading this book one can only agree with what P Chidambaram said, "In a period of great financial illiteracy, it's refreshing to have a book written by somebody very literate about matters relating to finance".
P.P.Ramachandran.
10/12/2017

Sunday, December 3, 2017


V K R V RAO



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A Passionate Humanitarian V.K.R.V. Rao ; Edited by S.L.Rao and others; Published by Academic Foundation ; Pages 289 ; Price Rs. 695/-

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Vijayendra Kasturi Ranga Varadaraja Rao was a pioneering economist, politician, professor and educator. Dr.Manmohan Singh  has credited Dr.V.K.R.V. Rao (hereafter Dr.Rao)  with being responsible for the high quality of economics education and research in India, by being the founder-director of the Delhi School of Economics, the Institute of Economic Growth and the Institute for Social and Economic Change. Dr.Rao also played a major role in the evolution of the UNDP and the IDA. 

The book under review  contains  reminiscences  by 31 colleagues, friends and kin who were associated with him  during his life-time.

It is a tribute to his memory and focuses mainly on the third and final Institution, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore that he founded. All the three institutions founded by him maintain even today very close intra-institutional relationship. Another  organisation that owes its present importance  to Dr.Rao’s vision is the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi.

Dr.Rao emerges as a colossus in the academic and intellectual arena of the country for over 50 years. This volume gives us a glimpse of the remarkable  zeal with which Dr.Rao  fulfilled his mission and proved a source of inspiration.

 He was awarded a Ph.D.  from Cambridge. His doctoral thesis was "The National Income of British India, 1931-1932". He studied with the great economist J.M.Keynes. He was a member of the famous “Political Economy Club” presided over by the formidable Keynes. Other members in economics then at Cambridge included A.C.Pigou, Joan Robinson, Denis Robertson, Richard Kahn, Colin Clark and Maurice Dobb.

Dr.Rao  bagged numerous awards that include: Cobdon Club Medal in Political Economy , Sir Thomas Gresham Research Studentship, Caius College, Cambridge  Adam Smith Prize, Cambridge and Dadabhai Naoroji Memorial Prize. He was a recipient of the Padma Vibhushan.  

Dr.Rao is rightly regarded as the  “Father of National Income Accounting” in India .Among his works are: Taxation of Income in India ; An essay on India’s National Income -1925-29 ; The National Income of British India ; India and International Currency Plans ; Post-War Rupee.

 His first professional employment was as Lecturer in Economics, Wilson College Bombay , which was followed by other distinguished positions .He served as  Food and Economic Adviser, Government of India at Washington ; Director, Delhi School of Economics, ; Vice Chancellor, University of Delhi ; Director, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi ; Member, Planning Commission ; Union Cabinet Minister for Transport and Shipping ; Union Cabinet Minister for Education & Youth Services ;   National Professor, Government of India .

 He was member of several Commissions and Committees, prominent among which were Chairman, U.N Sub-Commission for Economic Development (which led to the establishment of the soft loan window of the World Bank, the IDA; Member, Taxation Enquiry Commission, Member, National Income Committee; Member, Planning Advisory Board, Government of India; Chairman, U.N Sub-Committee on Experts on Levels of Living; etc.

 The current prominence of the National Council of Educational Research and Training owes much to the new thrust given during VKRV Rao’s stewardship of the Ministry of Education and Youth Services.

Dr. Rao’s output was phenomenal: 39 books and monographs, 210 learned articles, 68 addresses and seminar papers as well as 6 edited works and innumerable popular writings in the media. He founded and nursed a leading economic research journal, ”The Indian Economic Review”.

Dr.Brahmananda gives a galaxy of scholars in economics whom Dr.Rao discovered or attracted —including, K.N.Raj,M.N.Srinivas, Jagdish Bhagwati, A.M.Khusro, C.T.Kurien. V.R.Panchamukhi.

Dr.Rao was inspired by Vivekananda’s call to identify and renew India’s interests with those of its vast poor. He accepted and believed in the Vedantic faith in the oneness of Truth.

The volume has contributions from distinguished persons like  C.T.Kurien, K.S.Krishnaswamy, P.R.Brahamananda, V.R.Panchamukhi, as also of those close to him, like Meera Ramakrishnan, his daughter, P.Ramachandran, his Secretary.

A wonderful summing up of this Colossus is given by Dr.K.S.Krishnaswamy, ex-Deputy Governor of the R B I  who describes the many-splendoured characteristics of Dr.Rao— “brilliant as an economist, his quick temper and equally quick return to warm friendship, his razor-sharp analytical prowess and immense energy . He was motivated by a burning idealism to benefit society and make it better informed as well as more ethical. Bhavabhuti’s aphorism aptly sums up Dr.Rao—                  “ Vajraadapi Kathoram Mridooni Kusumadapi” meaning”Tougher than a diamond but softer than a flower”

 Dr.Rao passed away on July 25, 1991, at the age of 83.

 P.P.Ramachandran.
26 / 11 / 2017.
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Tit Bits

 Dr. Rao  could  be abrasive and prickly but also  hasty A shocking illustration of this in 1969 immediately after the death of the much loved and charismatic ``Anna'' — C. N. Annadurai, the first DMK Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. There was initially a wrong report of his having passed away and Rao, who was then Union Minister, promptly telephoned newspapers to dictate a message of condolence. The news agencies, however, withdrew the wrong report and issued a fresh one about his being alive. When the New Delhi bureau of a newspaper brought this to the notice of Rao, the response from him — to say the least — was outrageous. Instead of expressing regrets and withdrawing his premature condolence message and even wishing ``Anna'' a long life, he said that it could be retained for the ``appropriate occasion''!

PPR
26 / 11 / 2017


YASHWANT   SINHA

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The Future of Indian Economy  Edited by Yashwant Sinha and Vinay Srivatsava ; Published by Rupa; Pages 361; Price Rs 795/-
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The book under review  covers all aspects of reforms, ranging from foreign trade and balance of payments to industrial growth, finance and fiscal issues has been dealt with. The book is a useful documentation of economic reforms in India that takes one through different political regimes in power.
 There are 18 essays divided into three parts. Part One deals with developments in the Indian economy in different spheres since 1991, in retrospect and prospect. The second Part focuses on fiscal reforms, which are analysed in depth to examine their implications in several aspects and for various sectors. The third Part is on reforms and changes in the public sector including disinvestment, in terms of its experience in the era of liberalisation. The discussion shows that it is not possible to separate economics from politics just as it is not possible to separate policy from practice.
 The contributors include politicians, civil servants, policy practitioners, managers and analysts and they evaluate the Indian experience with economic liberalisation during the last 25 years. The book thoroughly analyses several aspects of reforms and about 23 experts have essays on subjects on which they are authorities
 Yashwant Sinha and Srivatsava provide a historical overview of the economic reforms in India. Twenty five years since the ‘Reforms of 1991’ is an appropriate moment to make an assessment. The policies followed by Rajiv Gandhi led to the economic crisis faced in 1991. V.P.Singh and Chandrasekhar could not take any bold steps. Narasimha Rao took over as Prime Minister and appointed Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister and together they ushered in a new phase of economic development which put India on a high growth trajectory and helped towards achieving our true potential. Today India’s economy is the 7th largest economy in the world measured by the base of GDP and the 3rd largest on purchasing power parity.
 Dr.C.Rangarajan,ex-Governor of R B I discusses at length  the reforms process. Changes in the institutional infrastructure relating to monetary policy, banking and exchange rate regime were an integral part of the reforms. Subsequent changes were in consonance with the original intentions, Institutional reforms are, however, the first step. They have to be supplemented by appropriate policies to achieve results and to tackle the problems as they emerge. He points out that the first step towards autonomy of the Central Bank was taken when it was decided to do away with the system of issue of ad-hoc Treasury Bills
 N.K.Singh analyses the B o P situation during 1991. The need for fiscal discipline led to the idea of a Fiscal Responsibility Act, the idea of which was first introduced in the Budget presented by Yashwant Sinha. Parliament passed the FRBM Bill. The Act was notified in 2004.Under the FRBM Act, both the Centre as well as the States had to eliminate revenue deficit and reduce fiscal deficit to 3 % of GDP, thus ensuring fiscal discipline.
 D.K.Srivatsava examines the fiscal reforms  since the Ninetees—their salient domains, taxation, non-tax revenues, fiscal imbalance, government debt and expenditure and fiscal federalism. 
 Yoginder Alagh discusses the fiscal and trade policies with regard to the agricultural sector. The profitability of agriculture fell by 14/2 % in the 1990s. There was a revival of public capital formation in agriculture in the last decade.He emphasises the need to operationalize the incentives to turn the terms of trade towards agriculture and plan and implement the required infrastructure support as well as integrated water and land resources management.
 U.K. Sinha provides a brilliant and comprehensive view on the capital market and its evolution with reforms. He explains the objectives of financial sector reforms to improve allocation efficiency of resources and accelerated growth process.
 B.B.L.  Madhukar and Kuldip Indiver contend that the Indian power sector has shown a significant growth since Independence. However, until 1991, the growth was limited mostly to the urban areas. The power sector has failed to become more efficient as intended by the liberalisation policies. Private sector participation has primarily been limited to electricity generation. Its role in transmission and distribution verticals has been marginal.
 Much has changed in the last twenty five years for the average Indian. India’s emergence in these years has been noteworthy, and it will be more interesting to watch India in the next twenty five years. Challenges remain in areas like employment, job creation, poverty alleviation, food security, water management, urban infrastructure, etc. These need to be overcome by a well-executed plan, utilising our strengths in information, communication and technology, so as to emerge much stronger and vibrant. India, as it was during the cusp of economic liberalisation of the 1990s, has certainly moved from a scenario of insufficiency to a nation of abundance and self reliance. The future can be better.
 This is definitely one book that needs to be on the shelf of every student, social activist, practising economist, as well as libraries.

P.P.Ramachandran.
3/12/2017